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Considérant les questions soulevées par la muséalisation de la performance, le Musée de la danse élaboré par Boris Charmatz au Centre chorégraphique national de Rennes constitue un cas de figure singulier, particulièrement intéressant à analyser dans la mesure où l’expérience ne consiste pas à ‘faire entrer’ des performances dans un musée, mais à transformer l’institution chorégraphique en projet muséal. De quelles manières le Musée de la danse prend-il vie? Selon quelles modalités gestes et mouvements trouvent-ils leur(s) place(s) dans l’espace d’exposition? Comment se tissent les relations entre les œuvres, et avec le public ? L’idée même de musée suppose un dispositif de monstration des œuvres qui se distingue, en bien des aspects, des conditions de représentation spectaculaire. Du théâtre au musée, de la boîte noire au white cube, du spectateur au visiteur, le changement de cadre affecte plusieurs paramètres. Cinq ans après la fermeture des portes du Musée de la danse, je souhaiterais montrer comment ce projet pionnier s’est sans cesse inventé et réinventé pendant ses dix années d’existence. Pour ce faire, je propose d’examiner les expériences qui y ont été menées – documentations performées, musées en mouvement, dancing museum, happening participatif, expositions vides, installations vivantes, corps-archive – par le prisme des enjeux de conservation, d’acquisition et d’exposition, réévalués ici, dans un lieu de création chorégraphique, au contact d’œuvres immatérielles. La possibilité de ‘rejouer’ la performance apparaît, dans l’écosystème du Musée de la danse, comme une réponse possible et particulièrement féconde au problème de la ‘survivance’ des performances. Il s’agira d’en apprécier le potentiel à travers la diversité des formes de reenactment inventées par le Musée de la danse, que ce soit dans le cadre des activités du centre chorégraphique à Rennes, ou au sein d’expositions, de collections, d’institutions muséales.

Considering the issues raised by the musealization of performance, the Dancing Museum elaborated by Boris Charmatz at the National Choreographic Center of Rennes constitutes a unique case, particularly interesting to analyze, insofar as the experience does not consist of bringing performances into a museum, but of transforming the choreographic institution into a museal project. In what ways does the Dancing Museum come to life? By what means do gestures and movements find their place(s) in the exhibition? How are the relationships between the works, and with the public, woven? The very idea of a museum implies an exhibition setup for works that differs, in many respects, from standard spectacular representation. From theater to museum, from the black box to the white cube, from spectator to visitor, the change of perspective affects several parameters. Five years after the Dancing Museum closed its doors, I would like to show how this pioneering project continually invented and reinvented itself during its ten years of existence. To do this, I propose to examine the experiments that were conducted there – performed documentations, museums in motion, dancing museum, participatory happenings, empty exhibitions, living installations, ‘the body as archive’ – through the prism of conservation, acquisition, and exhibition issues, in a place of choreographic creation, in contact with immaterial works. The possibility of redoing the performance appears, in this singular ecosystem of the Dancing Museum, as a possible and particularly fruitful response to the problem of the survival of performances. I will analize its potential through the diversity of reenactment forms invented by the Dancing Museum whether within the activities of the choreographic center in Rennes, or within exhibitions, collections, museum institutions.  

En 2008, au départ de Catherine Diverrès qui dirigeait alors le Centre chorégraphique national de Rennes et de Bretagne (CCNRB) depuis 1993,[1] Boris Charmatz postule à sa succession avec un projet de Musée de la danse. Ce faisant, le chorégraphe renouvelle non seulement l’exercice de la lettre de candidature pour lui préférer la forme du manifeste,[2] mais il investit également sa place de directeur de manière inédite,[3] en dissociant son projet pour l’institution de sa personnalité artistique. Avec le Musée de la danse, Boris Charmatz s’engage sur des questions et des réflexions qui dépassent largement le périmètre de son propre travail pour interroger le rôle de l’institution chorégraphique dans ses missions de création et de transmission. Et c’est en mobilisant le modèle muséal qu’il entend bousculer les cadres existants et repenser les activités du Centre chorégraphique national au prisme des formats consacrés du musée (comme la visite, l’exposition ou la collection).

Considérant les questions soulevées dans le numéro de cette revue, le Musée de la danse constitue un cas de figure singulier particulièrement intéressant à analyser, dans la mesure où l’expérience ne consiste pas à faire entrer des performances dans un musée, mais à transformer l’institution chorégraphique en projet muséal. Si le Musée de la danse est d’abord une question qui s’adresse à l’art chorégraphique, les réponses qui y ont été apportées pendant ses dix années d’expérimentation méritent d’être examinées comme autant de grains à moudre qui viennent nourrir la réflexion sur les enjeux de la muséalisation de la performance. C’est ce que je propose de faire ici à l’appui de mon expérience professionnelle[4] et de mes recherches,[5] en organisant mon propos selon trois perspectives : celle de l’institution qui se trouve remise en jeu par les conventions du musée, celle des œuvres chorégraphiques qui se voient transformées en pièces de musée et celle de la danse qui rejoint les collections des biens culturels à sauvegarder.

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Partendo da alcune iniziali presenze della performance art nella programmazione culturale delle istituzioni museali italiane, alla fine della stagione di affermazione delle ricerche artistiche basate sul corpo, il saggio si concentra sulla scena romana. In particolare, attraverso l’analisi delle mostre e delle collezioni dei due principali musei d’arte contemporanea, la Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e il MAXXI, si indagheranno i modi in cui, tra fine del XX secolo e inizi XXI, tale pratica artistica oramai canonizzata si sia infiltrata e sia stata accolta negli spazi museali e che tipo di problemi essa ponga, anche in relazione alle strategie di documentazione, conservazione, fruizione e valorizzazione. Se nel caso della GNAM si può parlare soprattutto di occasioni espositive – di rilevante portata storiografica vista l’autorevolezza della sede – la diversa vocazione del MAXXI ha permesso alcune prime vere e proprie acquisizioni di interventi performativi. Inoltre, nel giro di poco più di un decennio di attività, il MAXXI ha anche riproposto nel display espositivo tali materiali e la loro sfaccettata sedimentazione documentaria, consolidando la presenza delle esperienze performative nel ventaglio delle espressioni artistiche dell’arte contemporanea. Attraverso alcuni esempi recenti che coinvolgono tale museo si rifletterà sulle sollecitazioni critiche e teoriche che le procedure messe in campo dall’istituzione pongono all’opera performativa nella sua dialettica tra permanenza e variazione, tra partitura e alea, tra soggettività autoriale e figure delegate.

Starting from some early presence of performance art in the cultural programming of Italian museum institutions at the end of the season of affirmation of body-based artistic research, the essay focuses on the Roman scene. In particular, through the analysis of the exhibitions and collections of the two main museums of contemporary art, the Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna and MAXXI, it will investigate the ways in which, between the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, this now canonized artistic practice infiltrated and was received in museum spaces and what kind of problems it poses, also in relation to strategies of documentation, preservation, fruition and valorization. While in the case of GNAM one can speak primarily of occasions for exhibition – of relevant historiographical significance given the venue’s authority – MAXXI’s different vocation allowed for some of the first acquisitions of performative interventions. In addition, within a little more than a decade of activity, MAXXI has also repurposed performances with their multifaceted documentary sedimentation in the exhibition display, consolidating the presence of such experiences in the range of artistic expressions of contemporary art. Through some recent examples involving this museum, we will reflect on the critical and theoretical stimuli that the procedures activated by the institution transmit to the performative work in its dialectics between permanence and variation, between score and alea, between authorial subjectivity and delegated figures.  

In Italia le pratiche artistiche performative entrano precocemente nei contesti istituzionali, dalla Biennale di Venezia – dal 1966 come spontanee infiltrazioni, ma nelle edizioni degli anni Settanta già all’interno di proposte curatoriali – alla Galleria d’Arte Moderna di Torino (1967) e al Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna (1970), e con maggiore frequenza nella seconda metà della decade, in particolare in realtà civiche esordienti oppure di nuovo corso, come nella neonata Galleria d’Arte Moderna di Bologna (dal 1975 in avanti), nella diffusa proposta culturale di Palazzo dei Diamanti di Ferrara (dal 1977) o ancora alla Galleria Comunale d’Arte Moderna di Ancona (1979), per citare solo alcuni tra i casi più noti,[1] che spaziano dagli interventi all’interno di esposizioni temporanee a rassegne dedicate.

Quasi a conclusione di questa stagione, in cui soprattutto le istituzioni civiche si sono mostrate ricettive e permeabili, perfino l’allora unico museo statale dedicato esclusivamente all’arte del XIX e XX secolo, la Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna di Roma, ospita una singolare rassegna di performance, proposte più che da artisti visivi da gruppi del nuovo teatro: Paesaggio metropolitano. Nuova performance, Nuova spettacolarità, curata da Giuseppe Bartolucci, in collaborazione con l’Assessorato alla Cultura del Comune di Roma. Tra gennaio e febbraio 1981, soprintendente Giorgio De Marchis, nella sala conferenza del museo si alternano gli interventi performativi, previsti alle 19.30 nei giorni feriali, e comunicazioni e dibattiti la domenica mattina, in continuità con un’attività didattica definita da tempo,[2] Le reazioni critiche sottolineano l’importanza di intercettare un pubblico diverso da quello dei teatri sperimentali, soprattutto per l’effetto di «beatificazione»[3] garantito dalla cornice museale.

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L’arte performativa non può essere concepita o teorizzata separatamente dall’oggetto. Un tentativo in tal senso priverebbe un’opera performativa del contesto più ampio in cui l'azione, sia essa corporea o meccanica, costituisce uno degli elementi. A prescindere dalle considerazioni ontologiche, la storia dell'istituzionalizzazione della performance evidenzia una ricca vita materiale dell’arte performativa, fatta di reliquie, residui e detriti archivistici. Al di là della realtà delle collezioni, delle mostre e degli archivi, in cui la presenza fisica della performance si manifesta in una stratigrafia di copioni, partiture, documentazione, film, fotografie e narrazioni – sostituti, per così dire, della ‘scomparsa dell’atto’ – recenti ricerche ridefiniscono la performance come oggetto di conservazione, collocandola in una lunga tradizione di conservazione intenzionale delle cose. A questo proposito, la performance, per sua stessa natura, non solo spiega le complessità delle forme d'arte transitorie, ma sottolinea anche che non c’è modo di aggirare il vecchio, buon ‘oggetto d'arte’ tradizionale. La performance può quindi essere vista insieme ad altre forme d'arte transitorie e mutevoli sorte nello stesso periodo, come le earthworks e la process art, nessuna delle quali sfugge alla logica dell'oggetto d’arte, anche se ne mettono alla prova i limiti. Un termine chiave in questo contesto è la ripetizione, poiché è attraverso la ripetizione e la ripetibilità che la performance assume l'aura di un oggetto relativamente stabile che può essere incontrato ripetutamente in momenti e luoghi diversi.

Performance art cannot be conceived of or theorized apart from the object. An attempt to do so would strip a performance work of the larger context in which the action, whether bodily or machinic, is one element. Apart from ontological considerations, the history of the institutionalization of performance points to a rich material life of performance art, such as relics, residues and archival detritus. Beyond the factuality of collections, exhibitions and archives, in which the performance’s physical presence is manifest in a stratigraphy of scripts, scores, documentation, film, photography and narratives—a substitute as it were for the “disappearance of the act”—recent research reframes performance as an object of conservation, situating performance in a long tradition of intentional upkeep of things. In this respect, performance, by its very nature, not only explicates the intricacies of transient art forms but also underscores that there is no way around the old, good traditional “art object.” Performance can therefore be seen alongside other transient and mutable art forms that arose at the same time, such as earthworks and process art, neither of which escapes the logic of the art object even as they test its limits. A key term here is repetition, for it is through repetition and repeatability that performance takes on the aura of a relatively stable object that can be encountered repeatedly at different times and in different places.

Allan Kaprow, in his 1966 book Assemblages, Environments, and Happenings, argued that "the most forward looking" art is transient, ephemeral and resists objectification and commodification. "There is no fundamental reason," he wrote, "why it should be a fixed, enduring object to be placed in a locked case… If one cannot pass this work on to his children in the form of a piece of ‘property,’ the attitudes and values it embodies surely can be transmitted."[1] Kaprow’s stance toward the art object came to be seen as emblematic in the realm of performance art as evidenced by the continued insistence that ephemerality is a defining characteristic of performance.[2] RoseLee Goldberg summarizes the essential points by saying of performance that "although [it was] visible, it was intangible, it left no traces and it could not be bought and sold."[3] Over time, and until the recent past, this perspective, which sets performance against the art object and all of the things that go along with objectification—including commodification and musealization—has become the dominant way of understanding the historical emplacement of performance art and the impulses behind it.[4]

But what if, rather than defining performance as a form that is ineluctably opposed to the object, we instead considered performance art as an artistic genre that necessarily includes and engages with objects and objecthood? What if we viewed performance, not from the perspective of the impossibility of its institutionalization and, specifically, musealization, but accepted it as just another form entering the institution of memory and becoming an "object" of collection, conservation and display? What if performance, by manifesting duration and materiality, cannot be divorced from the object or conceptualized apart from it? What if it is through duration, repetition and repeatability that performance takes on the aura of an object that can be encountered repeatedly at different times and in different places?

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Cet article porte sur l’acquisition faite en 2022 par le Musée des beaux-arts du Canada (MBAC) d’une installation performative et programmatique, La bibliothèque architecturale samie de l’artiste sami norvégien Joar Nango. Je montre que cette œuvre, choisie pour son exemplarité, élabore une micro-organisation sociale permettant à l’ensemble des acteurs et actrices impliqués de s’exercer à décoloniser l’institution muséale. La visée de cet article est triple : proposer un modèle théorique, le preenactment, permettant de penser les œuvres performatives programmatiques, leur régime d’historicité et leur portée politique préfigurative ; analyser la muséalisation de l’œuvre de Nango à travers les dossiers de conservation et de restauration constitués au moment de son acquisition, afin d’identifier les approches pragmatiques mobilisées par l’institution ; reconnaître les rapports de mutualisme, de solidarité et d’entraide que le MBAC et l’œuvre de Nango entretiennent, dans la perspective de faire advenir, dans le futur, un musée décolonial.  

This article focuses on the 2022 acquisition by the National Gallery of Canada (NGC) of a performative and programmatic installation, The Sámi Architectural Library, by Norwegian Sámi artist Joar Nango. I demonstrate that this work, chosen for its exemplary nature, elaborates a micro-social organization allowing all the actors involved to practice decolonizing the museum institution. The article has three main objectives: to propose a theoretical model, "preenactment," to think about performative programmatic works, their historicity and their prefigurative political scope; to analyze the musealization of Nango's work through the conservation and restoration files created at the time of its acquisition, in order to identify the pragmatic approaches mobilized by the institution; and to recognize the relationships of mutualism, solidarity, and reciprocal aid that the NGC and Nango's work maintain, with the goal of realizing, in the future, a decolonial museum.

Depuis la deuxième décennie du XXIe siècle, les musées font l’acquisition de performances et d’œuvres performatives (performance-based artworks) sous des formes vivantes. Les premières sont issues de l’art performance des années 1970-1980 ; les deuxièmes, très fréquentes depuis la décennie 1990, procèdent de l’intégration de la performance aux autres médiums artistiques, telles la photographie, la vidéo, la sculpture, l’installation, que l’on qualifie alors de « performatives ».[1] En collectionnant ces œuvres, les musées s’engagent à les réactiver, c’est-à-dire à remettre en action leurs composantes performatives. Ce processus introduit de nouveaux modes de muséalisation des œuvres. La fortune critique des performance studies dans les années 2000 a encore élargi le champ du performatif en y intégrant des œuvres d’une pluralité d’horizons culturels et disciplinaires. Leur muséalisation pose des défis d’ordre épistémologique puisqu’elles dérogent des catégories, des découpages disciplinaires, des histoires des arts et des conceptions de l’artiste qui sous-tendent les collections muséales occidentales.

Je propose ici d’étudier l’acquisition d’une installation performative et programmatique, La bibliothèque architecturale samie de l’artiste sami norvégien Joar Nango. L’œuvre a été acquise en 2022 par le Musée des beaux-arts du Canada (MBAC), le plus important musée d’art du pays, situé dans la capitale nationale, Ottawa. Complexe et ambitieuse, cette acquisition s’inscrit dans le plan stratégique adopté un an plus tôt par l’institution. Celui-ci vise la décolonisation et l’autochtonisation du MBAC, tant dans les orientations de sa programmation et de sa collection, qu’à travers ses méthodes de travail et sa gouvernance.

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Cet article traite des collections de performance en musées d’arts. Il soutient l’hypothèse d’une variabilité des performances muséalisées limitant leur découvrabilité dans le contexte normé d’institutions muséales spécialisées dans l’acquisition d’objets matériels stables et uniques. L’étude menée sur les collections du Centre Pompidou, du MoMA et du Musée des beaux-arts du Canada s’attache à la terminologie employée ainsi qu’à la place accordée aux œuvres emblématiques de la performance dans les bases de données en ligne. L’analyse des trois institutions révèle l’importance de considérer trois catégories d’objets catalogués (protocoles, dérivés, documents), deux périodes de collectionnement (avant ou après les années 2000) et deux grands types de collections (œuvres et documents) afin de fournir une représentation fidèle de la place de la performance dans les collections muséales. Le musée joue un rôle crucial dans la préservation de ces œuvres, car il est le seul type d’institution qui à la fois les acquiert et en possède la documentation. À l’heure où les artistes réévaluent le statut des documents de la performance, le musée découvre dans ses propres archives un nouveau potentiel de requalification des documents comme œuvres de performance.

This article looks at performance collections in art museums. It supports the hypothesis that the variability of musealized performances hinders their discoverability in the standardized context of museum institutions specialized in the acquisition of stable and unique material objects. The study carried out on the collections of the Centre Pompidou, MoMA and the National Gallery of Canada focuses on the terminology used and the place given to emblematic works of performance art in the databases accessible online. The analysis of the three institutions reveals the importance of considering three categories of catalogued objects (protocols, derivatives, documents), two collecting periods (before or after the 2000s) and two main types of collections (works and documents) in order to provide an accurate representation of the place of performance in museum collections. The museum plays a crucial role in the preservation of these works, as it is the only type of institution that both acquires and documents them. At a time when artists are reassessing the status of performance documents, the museum is discovering in its own archives a new potential for reclassifying documents as performance works.

La performance s’impose dans les musées au début des années 2000, notamment à travers l’acquisition de protocoles conçus afin d’être activés par les départements de conservation pour la présentation des œuvres. Des initiatives de grande envergure telles que la création de départements dédiés, le développement de programmes spécifiques et des acquisitions phares menées par des institutions comme le MoMA et la Tate Modern incarnent ce tournant majeur. Il favorise l’intégration du vivant dans les collections, reflétant ainsi une nouvelle approche du collectionnement. La catégorisation matérielle des collections – traditionnellement œuvres sur papier, peintures, sculptures – est infléchie avec l’introduction de la performance, une catégorie qui se distingue davantage par son concept et sa temporalité que par sa matérialité. Les protocoles et contrats sont des matériaux permettant concrètement et juridiquement les activations, sans toutefois constituer en tant que telles les performances.

Cet accueil de la performance dans les collections muséales s’inscrit dans la continuité d’enjeux qui sont d’abord soulevés avec la muséalisation de l’installation.[1] Dans les années 1990 et 2000, l’installation d’art médiatique mobilise spécialement les équipes de conservation en raison des avancées technologiques nécessitant des changements réguliers de logiciels et d’autres composants matériels.[2] Les protocoles qui sont élaborés pour les besoins de l’installation et de l’art médiatique diffèrent de ceux qui le sont pour la performance. Ce sont des documents modèles consignant les changements apportés pour les besoins de mise en espace et l’évitement de l’obsolescence dans le respect de l’intention artistique.[3] Les protocoles de performance qui présentent davantage de correspondances avec les protocoles d’art conceptuel sont rédigés selon les besoins spécifiques des œuvres. Si les musées collectionnent dès les années 1960 des protocoles d’art conceptuel,[4] ils n’acquièrent en revanche que bien plus tard des protocoles de performances. Cette adoption différée s’explique notamment par des dynamiques distinctes dans l’historicisation des disciplines. Au filtre des mutations socioculturelles des années 1960-1970, l’étude comparée de l’art médiatique et de l’art conceptuel sert pourtant à offrir un éclairage précieux sur les transformations artistiques et culturelles de la fin du XXe siècle.[5] La performance qui est définie en tant que discipline au cours des années 1960-1970 contribue à cette réflexion,[6] l’installation, l’art médiatique, l’art conceptuel et la performance révisant communément l’importance qui est accordée à la matérialité (stabilité, originalité) des œuvres collectionnées. Leur authenticité peut être nominale et expressive, déterminée par une diversité de composantes incluant la matérialité sans s’y limiter.[7] La performance est toutefois plus variable et difficile à circonscrire que ne le sont les trois autres disciplines. Le plus grand défi qu’elle pose au musée qui la collectionne n’est pas lié à l’entretien matériel, ni à la documentation, mais au maintien du réseau des personnes et des expertises nouvelles qui sont nécessaires à son activation.[8] Sa durée et ses besoins d’exécution mal adaptés à la logique de l’exposition muséale[9] viennent limiter la fréquence des activations pourtant nécessaires à son existence.

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Dagli anni Settanta ai primi anni Duemila, la performance art è entrata nelle collezioni museali prevalentemente tramite altro da sé: fotografie, film, video, e resti di azione. Questi supplementi hanno fornito alla performance una permanenza e una materialità che sembravano mancarle, permettendo la sua commercializzazione, collezione ed esposizione. La centralità del documento per la trasmissione della performance art ha dato origine a un dibattito sulla legittimità di queste rappresentazioni e sulla loro capacità di fissare e tramandare in modo efficace una forma d’arte apparentemente legata a un’esperienza effimera e incorporata. Dall’inizio degli anni Duemila teoriche della performance come Rebecca Schneider e Diana Taylor hanno mostrato che la performance non ha bisogno di documenti per durare, ma può permanere nella sua propria “materia” attraverso una trasmissione corpo a corpo ed essere rimessa in scena. Contemporaneamente influenti musei internazionali hanno iniziato a collezionare performance live e a riflettere su modelli di conservazione dell’arte dal vivo. In questo saggio esamino una dialettica che si manifesta nella trasmissione della performance live. L’ipotesi è che non sia possibile separare nettamente tra performance e documento: la performance live può generare una dialettica tipica della documentazione e oscillare tra tensione all’autenticità, da una parte, e messa in presenza e trasformazione dell’opera, dall’altra.

From the 1970s to the early 2000s, performance art entered museum collections primarily through photographs, films, videos, and relics. These supplementary materials provided performance with a permanence and materiality it was perceived to lack, thus enabling its commodification, collection, and exhibition. The central role of documentation in the preservation of performance art sparked debate about the legitimacy of these representations and their ability to effectively record and convey an art form often understood as inherently ephemeral and embodied. Since the early 2000s, performance theorists such as Rebecca Schneider and Diana Taylor have argued that performance does not require documentation to endure. Instead, it can remain through body-to-body transmission and be reenacted. At the same time, leading international museums have begun collecting live performances and developing new models for preserving live art. This article explores a dialectic that shapes the transmission of live performance. The hypothesis is that a rigid separation between performance and documentation is neither tenable nor productive. Rather, live performance can mirror the dialectic of documentation, oscillating between the pursuit of authenticity and the ongoing transformation of the work. 

 

1. La documentazione della performance tra evidenza e rappresentazione

Tra gli anni Sessanta e Settanta il termine performance art si afferma a livello internazionale come categoria per indicare una serie di pratiche artistiche accomunate dalla loro natura effimera e dalla centralità del corpo vivo dell’artista che esegue azioni spesso in presenza di un pubblico e dà vita, insieme ad esso, a un’esperienza unica e irripetibile. Il carattere temporale e incarnato della performance assume, in un contesto generale di profonda trasformazione dell’arte, una qualità politica: la performance art tenta di sfuggire ai processi di mercificazione e mette in discussione l’idea di opera come oggetto materiale e trasportabile che può essere conservato, collezionato ed esposto. Per lungo tempo e fino ad oggi, una delle strategie principali con cui i musei affrontano questa sfida è quella di conservare e collezionare le performance d’artista attraverso qualcosa di diverso dalle performance stesse: fotografie, film, videotape, residui d’azione – oggetti che offrono alla performance art quella materialità che apparentemente le manca, rendendola compatibile con i paradigmi della conservazione dell’arte. Queste registrazioni, immagini ed artefatti vengono descritti complessivamente, e in parte impropriamente, come documentazione della performance art. Esse non sono l’opera stessa, ma segni e tracce che rimandano all’opera assente, la rappresentano e ne fanno le veci senza però poterla contenere completamente e compiutamente in sé. Tra i numerosi esempi iconici possiamo ricordare le celebri fotografie di Interior Scroll (1975) di Carolee Schneemann realizzate da Anthony McCall, I Like America and America Likes Me (1974) di Joseph Beuys filmato da Helmut Wietz, i constat d’action realizzati da Gina Pane con la fotografa Françoise Masson, le fotografie dei primi lavori di Marina Abramović o, ancora, gli Aktionsrelikte (residui d’azione) di Hermann Nitsch. 

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Abstract: ITA | ENG

Come pratica dell’istante, del gesto e dell’immediatezza, la performance non è destinata a priori a divenire un oggetto da collezionare ed esporre. Difatti, contrariamente alle forme d’arte durevoli e materiali come la pittura e la scultura, la performance porta in sé un’idea di un’obsolescenza dell’oggetto artistico e si struttura intorno a un’azione corporea necessariamente effimera e immateriale. Tuttavia, nonostante l’impossibilità di custodirla in depositi ed esporla all’interno di una cornice o su un piedistallo, la performance è entrata progressivamente nel museo ed è divenuta, dall’inizio del XXI secolo, l’oggetto di pratiche curatoriali sempre più numerose. In che modo una creazione che si pone contro ogni forma di durabilità e di materialità è in grado d’integrare le collezioni di un museo? Attraverso quali forme viene acquisita, conservata e trasmessa al pubblico? In altri termini, attraverso quale processo e quali strategie si realizza la sua trasformazione in oggetto museale? Concretamente, la musealizzazione della performance si compie con la tutela dell’insieme dei materiali documentari che le sono associati. Registrazioni video o filmiche, fotografie, schizzi, note, corrispondenze, certificati ed altri documenti sono tutte tracce materiali che testimoniano ciò che è esistito e che il museo tratta talvolta come archivio, talvolta come veri e propri oggetti da collezione e d’esposizione.

Performance art, as a practice of immediacy and instant gesture, is not in principle destined to become an object of collection and exhibition. Indeed, unlike durable, material art forms such as painting and sculpture, performance art carries with it the idea of the obsolescence of the art object, and is structured around a bodily action that is necessarily ephemeral and immaterial. And yet, despite the impossibility of storing it in storage or exhibiting it on a picture rail or pedestal, performance art has gradually made its way into museums, and since the early 2000s has become the object of an ever-growing number of curatorial practices. How is a creation that sets itself up against all forms of durability and materiality likely to become part of a museum's collections? In which form is it acquired, conserved and passed on to the public? In other words, what processes and strategies are used to transform it into a museum object? In concrete terms, the musealization of the performance is achieved by preserving all the documents associated with it. Video or film recordings, photographs, sketches, notes, correspondence, certificates and other objects are all material traces of what existed before, which the museum sometimes treats as archives, sometimes as genuine collection and exhibition objects.

Performance, as the practice of liveness and instant gesture, is not in principle destined to become an object of collection and exhibition. Indeed, unlike durable, material art forms such as painting and sculpture, performance art carries with it the idea of the obsolescence of the art object, and is structured around a bodily action that is necessarily ephemeral and immaterial. And yet, despite the impossibility of storing it in storage or exhibiting it on a picture rail or pedestal,[1] performance art has gradually made its way into museums, and since the early 2000s has become the object of an ever-growing number of curatorial practices. Museums such as the Tate Modern in London, MoMA and the Guggenheim in New York, the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, and MAXXI in Rome have significantly opened up their collections to performance art, acquiring both recent creations and works by established historical figures. The question of transforming performance into a museum collection object has thus become central, both in the academic field and among contemporary art conservation professionals. This phenomenon of "musealization," which therefore implies the idea of transformation, has been (and still is) the subject of numerous debates, even controversies.

In the 1990s, for instance, Peggy Phelan adopted a notably radical theoretical position, arguing that performance is inherently— ontologically speaking—unrepeatable, non-reproducible, and therefore destined to disappear. According to this perspective, the transmission of a performance would only be possible through the memory of those who witnessed it, thereby excluding documentation from the field of performance. "Performance’s only life is in the present," she writes. "Performance cannot be saved, recorded, documented, or otherwise participate in the circulation of representations of representation: once it does so, it becomes something other than performance."[2] This was a point of view defended in the years 2000 by other researchers, such as Rebecca Schneider[3] and Diana Taylor,[4] who postulate that the documents and objects that the museum acquires will never be able to capture and restore the very essence of the work. 

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